La intrata anului 1918, primulu polim mondial eara diparte di sa si avea bitisit\u0103 Marea \u00eencle\u015fteare anamisa di a\u0163eale doau\u0103 m\u0103ri blocuri militare Antanta \u015fi Puterile Centrale avea agiumt\u0103 paroxismul \u015fi ni\u0163iun\u0103 nu si spunea dispus\u0103 s\u0103 da n\u0103poi. Tru a\u0163ea situa\u0163ie, pre\u015fedintile american Thomas Woodrow Wilson mutri s\u0103 fac\u0103 pace. Tru aestu sensu, el \u015fi anturajulu a lui elaborar\u0103 celebra declara\u0163ie tru 14 puncte care lipsea s\u0103 hib\u0103 fundamentul tr\u00e2 pacea durabil\u0103.<\/p>\n
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\u00cempreun\u0103 cu istoriculu Ioan Scurtu avem examinat\u0103 principiile wilsoniene, atmosfera \u00een care ap\u0103rur\u0103 \u015fi \u0163e propunea eale. Ioan Scurtu dz\u00e2se:<\/p>\n
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\u201cSi lucr\u0103 la un proiectu care s\u0103 hib\u0103 propus a statilor beligerante, \u00een ideea c\u0103 eale va accept\u0103, care s\u0103 duc\u0103 la a\u015fezarea a unei pace di durat\u0103 ahtare turlie \u00eenc\u00e2t s\u0103 nu si mata repet\u0103 un\u0103 ahtare conflagra\u0163ie. A\u015fi \u00eenc\u00e2t, a\u0163eale 14 puncte prezentate di pre\u015fedintele Wilson eara de faptu un\u0103 propunire di pace \u015fi mai multu di ah\u00e2t un\u0103 organizare a lumil\u2019ei dup\u0103 polim tru a\u0163ea \u0163i putem s\u0103 numim durata lung\u0103 a istorilei. Putem s\u0103 constat\u0103m c\u0103 va s\u0103 si aib\u0103 \u00een videare ca ni\u0163e partea azvimt\u0103 ni\u0163e partea azving\u0103toare, ni\u0163e Antanta ni\u0163e Puterile Centrale, s\u0103 nu aib\u0103 amintati\u0163e di la confrunt\u0103riler militare, ama s\u0103 si realizeadz\u0103 un\u0103 anumit\u0103 democratizare a rela\u0163iilor interna\u0163ionale. \u00cen prima arad\u0103 si avu \u00een vedeare retradzirea a trupelor din teritoriile ocupate ahtare turlie \u00eenc\u00e2t s\u0103 si revin\u0103 la grani\u0163ele na\u0163ionale. Tru a daua arad\u0103 si preconiza\/si c\u00e2ftaa ca statile multina\u0163ionale s\u0103 asiguripseasc\u0103 un\u0103 atutonomie a popoarilor din cadrul a lu\u015ftor, ahtare turlie \u00eenc\u00e2t aestea s\u0103 si h\u0103r\u0103seasc\u0103 di drepturi \u015fi libert\u0103\u0163 ama \u00een cadrul a lu\u015ftor imperii.\u201d<\/p>\n
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Declara\u0163ia lu Wilson avea ambi\u0163ia sa hib\u0103 pacificatoare, restauratoare a a\u0163ea \u0163i eara n\u00e2inte di 1914 ama \u015fi inovatoare. Aestea si videa di turlia cum eara tratate imperiile multina\u0163ionale. Ioan Scurtu spune:<\/p>\n
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\u201cTru \u0163i mutrea\u015fte Rusia si avea \u00een vedeare men\u0163\u00e2nerea l\u2019ei \u00een grani\u0163ile existente n\u00e2inte di arhiusita\/declan\u015farea polimului \u015fi ninca marea vreare tra s\u0103 exist\u0103 fa\u0163\u0103 di ea un\u0103 atitudine di bun\u0103 vreare ahtare turlie \u00eenc\u00e2t ea s\u0103 adere la ideea a a\u0163ea \u0163i vrea s\u0103 s\u0103 devin\u0103 Liga Na\u0163iun\u2019ilor, un\u0103 societate tru care puterile s\u0103 pitreac\u0103 delega\u0163 \u00een care s\u0103 discute rezolvarea a problemilor interna\u0163ionale. Tru ianuarie\/gh\u2019inar 1918, revolu\u0163ia rus\u0103 avea intrat\u0103 \u00een faza l\u2019ei bol\u015fevic\u0103, radical\u0103, avea arhiusit\u0103 polimulu civil, Basarabia \u00ee\u015fi avea proclamat\u0103 autonomia \u015fi si preg\u0103tea\/\u00eendridzea s\u0103-\u015fi proclam\u0103 independen\u0163a \u015fi unirea cu Rom\u00e2nia. Tru \u0163i mutrea\u015fte Austro-Ungaria se prividea men\u0163\u00e2nerea a lu\u015ftui imperiu cu acordarea a unei mare autonomie a popoarelor din interiorulu a lu\u015ftui.\u201d<\/p>\n
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Ama na\u0163iun\u2019ile din imperiile multina\u0163ionale avea dor tr\u00e2 un\u0103 alt\u0103 ordine, a\u0163ea a statelor na\u0163ionale. Ioan Scurtu spuse cum reac\u0163iile a na\u0163iunilor di-tru Austro-Ungaria fur\u0103 s\u0103 hib\u0103 contra a principiilor a lu Wilson. Ioan Scurtu:<\/p>\n
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\u201cAeste 14 puncte avur\u0103 un impact politic \u015fi psihologhic extraordinar. Prota oar\u0103 di aform\u2019ia c\u0103 si avea \u00een vedeare fa\u0163irea a unei pace\/irine f\u0103r\u0103 anexiun\u2019i, un\u0103 organizare postbelic\u0103 a lumil\u2019ei ahtare turli \u00eenc\u00e2t s\u0103 nu mata aib\u0103 loc polime, \u015fi se scria un zbor multu vrut a popoarelor asuprite, \u015fi anume autonomie. Tru gh\u2019inar 1918 rom\u00e2nil\u2019i di-tru Imperiul austro-ungar, ca \u015fi alante na\u0163iun\u2019i, nu avea \u00een vedeare altu\u0163iva dic\u00e2t autonomia. A\u015fi avea c\u00e2ftata de-a lungul a chirolui, mai ahoria dup\u0103 1867, \u015fi a\u015fi spera \u015fi tru a\u0163el momentu. Problema uniril\u2019ei ap\u0103ru din toamna anului 1918 c\u00e2ndu imperiul avea arhiusit\u0103 s\u0103 si ducheasc\u0103\/simt\u0103 tot mai ar\u0103u \u015fi s\u0103 apar\u0103 perspectiva a dezagregaril\u2019ei. Popoarele respective decisir\u0103 s\u0103-\u015fi l\u2019ia mira \u00een propriile m\u00e2n\u2019i \u015fi apoia s\u0103 decid\u0103 organizarea statal\u0103.\u201d<\/p>\n
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\u00cen congresulu la Roma di-tru apriir 1918, na\u0163iun\u2019ile di-tru Austro-Ungaria loar\u0103 apofasea tr\u00e2 declan\u015farea a unei campanie vast\u0103, la nivel european \u015fi mondial, tr\u00e2 recunoa\u015fterea dreptului propriu tra s\u0103-\u015fi apof\u0103seasca v\u2019initorulu politic. Tru SUA avur\u0103 loc mitinguri a reprezentan\u0163\u00e2lor a na\u0163iun\u2019ilor di-tru Austro-Ungaria la care fur\u0103 mobilizate \u015fi diasporele care locuiau tru SUA. \u00cen plus, articolile din presa american\u0103 sus\u0163\u00e2nea revendic\u0103rile\/c\u00e2ft\u0103rile a na\u0163iun\u2019ilor \u00een detrimentul a \u0163ilor care c\u00e2fta p\u0103strarea\/\u0163\u00e2nirea a monarhiil\u2019ei austro-ungar\u0103. Di la bitisita mesului augustu 1918, mitingurile \u015fi campaniile mediati\u0163e fur\u0103 \u00een comun, a rom\u00e2n\u2019ilor, s\u00e2rghilor, croa\u0163\u00e2lor, cehilor, slovachilor, italian\u2019ilor \u015fi polonezilor care adopta rezolu\u0163ii antihabsburghi\u0163e.<\/p>\n
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Principiile politi\u0163e a lu Wilson nu fur\u0103 ghine aprucheate ni\u0163e di puterile europeane. Fran\u0163a \u015fi Marea Britanie \u00een special dorea\/avea dor ca Puterile Chentrale s\u0103 hib\u0103 considerate c\u00e2bate di \/arhiusirea\/declan\u015farea polimului \u015fi pedepsite. P\u00e2n\u0103 tru sone, pre\u015fedintele Wilson ced\u0103\u0103 a presiunil\u2019ei a li opinie public\u0103. Ioan Scurtu dz\u00e2se:<\/p>\n
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\u201cCampania culmin\u0103\u0103\/agiumse tru cipit cu momentul 20 agheazmaciune 1918 c\u00e2ndu pre\u015fedintile Wilson decise s\u0103-l\u2019i aproache la Casa Alb\u0103 pi reprezentan\u0163\u00e2l\u2019i a na\u0163ionalit\u0103\u0163\u00e2lor. Catheun pled\u0103\/zbur\u00e2 tr\u00e2 cauza proprie, pre\u015fedintile eara informat dispri campaniile desf\u0103\u015furate, \u015fi ca un\u0103 concluzie a lu\u015ftor discu\u0163ii el declar\u0103a c\u0103 si convinse c\u0103 dubla monarhie austro-ungar\u0103 nu mai merita s\u0103 b\u00e2neadz\u0103. Nu si mata b\u00e2ga problema a li men\u0163\u00e2nire a integritatil\u2019ei teritorial\u0103 a Austro-Ungaril\u2019ei. Eara convinsu c\u0103 poparile di-tru a\u0163ea monarhie avea dreptul \u015fi libertatea \u015fi sus\u0163\u00e2nirea SUA tra s\u0103 decid\u0103 asupra mir\u00e2l\u2019ei a lor.\u201d<\/p>\n
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Pri-tru al\u00e2xirea di optic\u0103 a politic\u00e2lei di la Washington, ap\u0103rea statile na\u0163ionale ca Polonia \u015fi Cehoslovacia, iar alte pricum Rom\u00e2nia \u015fi Iugoslavia si redefinea. Ama \u0163i cara c\u0103 principiile politi\u0163e a lu Thomas Woodrow Wilson fur\u0103 revizuite, a\u0163eale filosofi\u0163e fea\u0163ir\u0103 carier\u0103. Si materializa institu\u0163ia a na\u0163iun\u2019ilor a lumil\u2019ei, un\u00e2 agora interna\u0163ional\u0103, si b\u00e2ga bazile a dreptului interna\u0163ional contemporan. Idealul a pacil\u2019ei etern\u0103 a lu Wilson a\u015fez\u0103\u0103, \u00een ciudia a schepticismului general, un\u0103 bun\u0103 arhiusit\u0103 di dialog.<\/p>\n
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Autor: Steriu Lambru<\/p>\n
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Arm\u00e2nipsire: Hristu Steriu<\/p>\n
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<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
La intrata anului 1918, primulu polim mondial eara diparte di sa si avea bitisit\u0103 Marea \u00eencle\u015fteare anamisa di a\u0163eale doau\u0103 m\u0103ri blocuri militare Antanta \u015fi Puterile Centrale avea agiumt\u0103 paroxismul \u015fi ni\u0163iun\u0103 nu si spunea dispus\u0103 s\u0103 da n\u0103poi. Tru a\u0163ea situa\u0163ie, pre\u015fedintile american Thomas Woodrow Wilson mutri s\u0103 fac\u0103 pace. Tru aestu sensu, el […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":127,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[48422],"tags":[],"coauthors":[],"class_list":["post-188810","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-pro-memoria-ro_ar"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n