Oamin\u2019il\u2019i di az\u0103 si \u00eenvi\u0163ar\u0103 ah\u00e2t di multu cu ora exact\u0103 c\u0103 agiumse un\u0103 banalitate. Him anv\u0103rliga\u0163 di ceasuri\/di orologhii di multe turlii \u0219i easte aproapea imposibil s\u0103 nu \u0219tim c\u00e2t easte s\u0103hatea\/ceasulu la un anumit momentu. Ama ora exact\u0103 are \u0219i ea un\u0103 istorie a\u0219i cum au i \u0163e idee, i \u0163e obiectu, i \u0163e peisaj. Istoria a or\u0103l\u2019ei exact\u0103 di az\u0103 easte ligat\u0103 di apari\u021bia a c\u0103l\u2019iurilor ferate \u0219i nu easte mai pu\u021b\u00e2n pasionant\u0103 ca i \u0163e alt\u0103 istorie. Him mai influen\u021ba\u021b di a\u0163eale mai banale idei \u0219i obiecte dic\u00e2t putem s\u0103 minduim \u0219i aesta n\u0103 fa\u0163e oamin\u2019il\u2019i a timpurilor a noastre, a\u0219i cum pie a\u0163el\u2019i di naintea a noastr\u0103 alte idei \u0219i obiecte \u00eel\u2019i f\u0103\u0163ea oamin\u2019il\u2019i a timpurilor a lor. Ora exact\u0103 \u0219i calea ferat\u0103 au m\u2019ears\u0103, a\u0219i-cara, di la giumitatea a secolului al 19-lea \u00eempriun\u0103. Istoriculu Dorin St\u0103nescu n\u0103 agiut\u0103\u0103 s\u0103 spunim, pi \u015fcurtu, paramitulu a li\u015ftei rela\u021bie.<\/p>\n
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Trenulu ap\u0103ru tru 1830 \u00een Anglia \u0219i si spuse c\u0103 \u201dAnglia fea\u0163e cadou a lumil\u2019ei c\u0103l\u2019iurile ferate\u201d. Dorin St\u0103nescu dz\u00e2se: \u201d\u00cen momentul \u00een care \u00een Anglia ap\u0103rur\u0103 c\u0103l\u2019iurile ferate, englezil\u2019i si vidzur\u0103 \u0219i cu un\u0103 problem\u0103. Lipsea\u015fte s\u0103 spunim dip limpide c\u0103 pritru c\u0103l\u2019iurile ferate Europa are inventat\u0103 viteza \u00een secolul al 19-lea. La arhiusita a existen\u021b\u0103lei a c\u0103l\u2019iurilor ferate, traficulu niav\u00e2nda valori m\u0103ri, liniile fur\u0103 construite pi un singur hir. Ei ghine, crea\u0219terea a traficului aduse \u0219i prima problem\u0103: elipsea a sincronizaril\u2019ei a ceasurilor\/orologhiilor a unor conductori produse accidente cu mor\u021b\u0103 \u0219i zim\u2019ii, tot \u0163i implic\u0103 un accidentu.\u201d<\/p>\n
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Si dz\u00e2\u0163e c\u0103 problemile sunt fapte tra sa hib\u0103 rezolvate. \u0218i englezil\u2019i aflar\u0103 rezolvarea. Dorin St\u0103nescu dz\u00e2\u0163e: \u201dPrima solu\u021bie fu dat\u0103 tru 1840 di c\u0103tr\u0103 c\u0103pitanulu englez Basil Hall care propuse ca oficiile po\u0219tale din toat\u0103 \u021bara s\u0103 adopt\u0103 ora a Londr\u0103l\u2019ei. Ideea a lui, ini\u021bial, nu avu succes, po\u0219ta nu fu simfun\u0103\/acord. Ama c\u0103l\u2019iurile ferate deadira s\u0103 si vead\u0103 c\u0103 eara un\u0103 institu\u021bie revolu\u021bionar\u0103 tru secolul al 19-lea \u0219i achic\u0103sir\u0103 un\u0103\u015fiun\u0103\/rapid c\u0103 aesta era solu\u021bia. Un\u0103 prim\u0103 companie, Great Western Railway, introduse pi liniile a l\u2019ei, arhiusinda cu noiembrie\/brumar 1840, uniformizarea a or\u0103l\u2019ei exact\u0103. El\u2019i propusir\u0103 ca ora a Londr\u0103lei, furnizat\u0103 di Observatorulu Astronomic di la Greenwich, s\u0103 devin\u0103 ora c\u0103l\u2019iurilor ferate.\u201d<\/p>\n
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Spa\u021biul rom\u00e2nesc, aflat \u00eentr-un\u0103 curs\u0103 zurl\u0103 di modernizare \u0219i europenizare, adopt\u0103\u0103 rapid tot \u0163e v\u2019inea din Occidentu. Dorin St\u0103nescu dz\u00e2se c\u0103 modelul englez fu adoptat f\u0103r\u0103 rezerve: \u201dC\u0103l\u2019iurile ferate agiungu parte a peisajului cotidian\/di cathe dzuu\u0103 rom\u00e2nescu ditru 1869. Eale suntu a\u0163eale care au contribuit\u0103, ca piste tot \u00een lume, la apari\u021bia a or\u0103l\u2019ei unitar\u0103 pi tot teritoriulu na\u021bional \u0219i a unui sistem di transmitire a or\u0103lei exact\u0103. \u00cen Rom\u00e2nia, procesulu di standardizare a or\u0103lei exact\u0103 \u0219i di impunere a or\u0103l\u2019ei a Bucure\u0219tiului easte modelul furnizat di englezi, ora a capital\u0103l\u2019ei devine ora na\u021bional\u0103. \u00cen Rom\u00e2nia, p\u00e2n\u0103 spri anulu 1890, pi multe traseie circula ma\u015fi v\u0103rn\u0103-ndau\u0103 trenuri \u00een dzuu\u0103 \u0219i evidentu c\u0103 pericolul di accidente nu para existaa. Dup\u0103 1893, Fran\u021ba, Ghirmaniia \u0219i Austro-Ungaria \u00ee\u0219i uniific\u0103 ora, procesulu arhiusea\u015fte cu fric\u0103\/ timid \u0219i \u00een Rom\u00e2nia. Adoptarea a or\u0103lei a Bucure\u0219tiului, calculat\u0103 dup\u0103 meridianulu Greenwich, si fa\u0163e prin cooperarea a dau\u0103 institu\u021bii: C\u0103l\u2019iurile Ferate Rom\u00e2ne \u0219i Institutulu Meteorologic Rom\u00e2n. P\u0103rintile a unificaril\u2019ei a li or\u0103 \u00een Rom\u00e2nia fu \u0218tefan Hepites, primulu director a Institutului Meteorologhic.\u201d<\/p>\n
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Standardizarea a or\u0103lei exact\u0103 \u00eensimn\u0103\u0103 la argiusit\u0103 evitarea a traghediilor. Ama apoia \u00eel\u2019i si asociar\u0103 introdu\u0163irea a ordinil\u2019ei \u0219i func\u021bionarea eficient\u0103 a institu\u021biilor. Dorin St\u0103nescu dz\u00e2\u0163e: \u201dTr\u0103 misurarea timpului, tru 1892 fu construit\u0103 un\u0103 sal\u0103 meridian\u0103 special\u0103, dotat\u0103 cu un\u0103 lunet\u0103, a\u0219i cum eara piste tot. \u0218tefan Hepites fea\u0163e, la c\u0103ftarea a guvernului, un\u0103 deplasare tru Ghirmanie tra s\u0103 studiadz\u0103 sistemulu a standardizaril\u2019ei a li or\u0103 folosit aclo. Un\u0103 di solu\u021biile ini\u021biale fu a\u0163ea c\u0103 \u0218tefan Hepites propuse ca ora exact\u0103 s\u0103 si da prin salve\/plasc\u0103niri di canone\/di tun, cathe dzuu\u0103, la oara 12. Ma\u015fi c\u0103 aest experimentu fu un e\u0219ec\/du\u0163eare chirut\u0103. Totulu se f\u0103\u0163ea tru 1895. Si renun\u021b\u0103\u0103 la aestu trop di aform\u2019ia c\u0103 sunetulu a bumbunidzaril\u2019ei di canone\/ a goad\u0103l\u2019ei nu si avdza tru tot c\u0103s\u0103b\u0103lu. Solu\u021bia aflat\u0103 dateadz\u0103 ditru agheazm\u0103iune\/ septembrie 1895 \u0219i fu un\u0103 conexiune telegrafic\u0103 direct\u0103 \u00eentr\u0103 Gara Filaret \u0219i Institutulu Meteorologhic. Cathe dzuu\u0103, la oara 12, di la institut si comunicaa ora exact\u0103 care eara apoia transmis\u0103 prin telegraf la toate sta\u021biile CFR din \u021bar\u0103. Ulterior, aest mecanismu fu adoptat \u0219i di po\u0219t\u0103 \u0219i di telegraf \u0219i di alte institu\u021bii a statului. Spri 1900, toat\u0103 \u021bara utiliza ora a Bucure\u0219tiului. Tora\/amu easte \u0219i momentul \u00een care si na\u0219te \u0219i zborulu \u0163i si dz\u00e2\u0163e \u201dCeasulu a gar\u0103lei, ceasulu a \u021bar\u0103lei\u201d.\u201d<\/p>\n
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Cum si al\u0103xi ritmul a oamin\u2019ilor \u00een func\u021bie di ora exact\u0103 \u0219i de c\u0103l\u2019iurile ferate? Dorin St\u0103nescu spune: \u201dDispre oara exact\u0103 \u0219i modulu \u00een care aesta devine\/agiundze parte a cotidianului a rom\u00e2n\u2019ilor afl\u0103m foarte multe indicii \u00een literatur\u0103. \u00cen primile romane, \u201dManoil\u201d \u0219i \u201dElena\u201d a lu Bolintineanu, afl\u0103m informa\u021bii dispre timpu \u0219i ora exact\u0103. Apoia \u00een \u201dCiocoii\/arenda\u015fil\u2019i vechl\u2019i \u0219i noi\u201d a lu Nicolae Filimon \u0219i m\u2019eardzem p\u00e2n\u0103 la \u201dSchi\u021bile\u201d a lu Caragiale care, tru 1899, scriie schi\u021ba \u201dCFR\u201d \u00een care, \u00eentr-un\u0103 discutie, se zbura\u015fte tot chirolu dispre sahate\/ceas.\u201d<\/p>\n
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G\u0103rile\/sta\u0163ionile di tren fur\u0103t dotate cu orologhii care agiumsir\u0103 publi\u0163e, personalul esen\u021bial lo\/apruchee ceasuri personale, transportul feroviar hiinda sistemulu di referin\u021b\u0103 a exactitatil\u2019ei. P\u00e2n\u0103 tru 1950, CFR deade ora exact\u0103 \u00een Rom\u00e2nia, ama, dup\u0103 aest\u0103 dat\u0103, misiunea \u00eel\u2019i veni\/tricuu a radioului public.<\/p>\n
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Autor: Steliu Lambru<\/p>\n
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Arm\u00e2nipsire: Hristu Steriu<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Oamin\u2019il\u2019i di az\u0103 si \u00eenvi\u0163ar\u0103 ah\u00e2t di multu cu ora exact\u0103 c\u0103 agiumse un\u0103 banalitate. Him anv\u0103rliga\u0163 di ceasuri\/di orologhii di multe turlii \u0219i easte aproapea imposibil s\u0103 nu \u0219tim c\u00e2t easte s\u0103hatea\/ceasulu la un anumit momentu. Ama ora exact\u0103 are \u0219i ea un\u0103 istorie a\u0219i cum au i \u0163e idee, i \u0163e obiectu, i […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":127,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[48422],"tags":[],"coauthors":[],"class_list":["post-188814","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-pro-memoria-ro_ar"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n